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A camera’s shutter mechanism sits in front of the image sensor and is made up of two ‘curtains’. Before you take a shot, one curtain is closed, blocking the sensor, while the other is open, and raised above the sensor. As you press the shutter release button the first curtain (covering the sensor) opens, exposing the sensor to light, and at the end of the exposure the second curtain closes, blocking the sensor again.
So when we talk about the length of an exposure, or shutter speed, we’re referring to the time between the camera’s shutter opening and closing; if we talk about a ‘one-second exposure’, the front curtain opens, and a second later, the rear curtain closes to cover it.
The reason two curtains are used is…