Indholdsfortegnelse for March 2016 i CAR

I need to thank. We’re bucking the general decline in print and the CAR team deeply appreciates your ongoing loyalty and interest. There’s also an almighty automotive battle looming, which is why I’m pulling up a ringside seat and breaking out the popcorn. 2016 is the big Toyota versus Ford war: Hilux versus Ranger; Fortuner versus Everest. For a long time, Toyota has had things its own way, but over the last five years, Ford has been the Comeback King with its Ranger coming very close to toppling the mighty Hilux in the sales charts. With the new Everest SUV, Ford’s also staring down Toyota’s Fortuner. And both sides are up for the fight. You can feel it when visiting their respective head offices, where any mention of the opposition…

EVEN before the covers were whipped off the new Mercedes-Benz E-Class, we had a fair idea that its styling was never going to stray too far from that of its C- and S-Class siblings, but beneath that familial frame lies a raft of innovative tech- that should lend it a character of its own BUSINESS-CLASS CABIN The new E’s interior (see last month’s issue for a full report) is somewhat contradictory, being a sea change over the previous car’s staid cabin and yet is similar to the S-Class’. The most notable feature is a floating widescreen instrument array with customisable themes. Material quality has taken a leap, with trims such as open-pore wood and metal-woven fabric on offer. SMARTPHONE OR CAR? The Car-X communication system networks with other similarly equipped…

KIA TELLURIDE CONCEPT Departing from Kia’s conventionally curvaceous design ethos, the chunky Telluride Concept hints at a more rugged approach for the firm’s future SUV offerings. The Telluride features rear seats with sensors that monitor the occupants’ vital signs and administer therapeutic light treatment via door-panel-mounted LED lights. The Telluride’s hybrid drivetrain comprises a naturally aspirated 3,5-litre V6 petrol engine coupled with an electric motor and channels 298 kW to the road via an advanced AWD system. AUDI H-TRON QUATTRO CONCEPT Featuring a hydrogen fuel cell-fed powerplant that develops 550 N.m and has an operating range of 600 km, the h-tron plays host to an autonomous driving system overseen by cameras and laser arrays destined for the next-generation A8. BUICK AVISTA This boldly styled coupé hints at numerous design cues…

Behind the wheel, there’s an abundance of headroom, a luxury afforded to every other passenger in the Caddy ONE look at the monthly sales charts and it’s clear South Africa’s love affair with SUV grows ever more passionate. However, if you don’t need to head off-road or desire an elevated driving position, but would like even more space than most SUVs offer, Volkswagen’s Caddy has always been a sensible choice. That option is now even more compelling with the launch of the fourth-generation Caddy that sees several new features offered for the first time on this people mover. Although it’s still based on the Golf 5 platform and not the Golf 7’s lauded MQB underpinnings, the manufacturer claims the new Caddy has received over 4 000 new components – a…

MAYBE it’s the resolutely evolutionary styling or the fact that it crowns a fairly extensive and already fearsomely quick range, but it’s easy to underestimate just how brutally fast this Porsche 911 Turbo is. Granted, while the past three generations of 911 (993, 997 and 991) have included even more powerful Turbo S models, for me, it’s the Turbo that best epitomises what an everyday performance car is capable of. Since its introduction with the 930-generation “whale tail” 911 and, significantly, with the launch of all-wheel drive in the 993, the 911 Turbo has transcended mere sportscar status and moved into the realm of the supercar. It’s a fact underlined in red pen as I open the steering early and let the car run to the widest point of Kyalami’s…

MODELS: 11 PRICES: R209 000 to R341 000 THE Polo’s continued sales success is indicative of a South African car market in a state of flux. Firstly, it attracts brand loyalists who favour its strong reputation for quality and resale value. Meanwhile, it locks into the buying-down trend with aplomb. No other light hatchback bar the Audi A1 and Mini Cooper is this refined or well finished, or so successfully assimilates big-car attributes into a small package at a reasonable price. Netting the Polo further points during voting was the extent of the range – recently bolstered with a frugal 1,0 BlueMotion version and 1,4-litre turbodiesel – and its near-perfect balance between driving fun and comfort. Our pick remains the 1,2 TSI Comfortline for its strong performance and excellent fuel…

MODELS: 3 PRICES: R190 700 to R205 300 IT almost didn’t take it... Ford’s revised Focus Sedan came within one vote of dethroning Toyota’s Corolla Quest, but in the final tally the Japanese car’s combination of incredible value for money, peerless reliability and cabin comfort saw it take the crown for a second year in a row. Would we have liked the range to be bigger? Sure. Currently, there is one engine option and two transmissions divided among three models. Did that hinder its chances? Not at all. What we love most about this re-engineered older-generation Corolla is that it doesn’t feel like a poorer relation to the new-generation Corolla; it’s still a pleasure to drive, refined and punchy. READER'S CHOICE BY Audi A3 Sedan 31% RUNNERS UP Ford Focus…

PRICE: R2 070 870 THE BONKERS AMG IS UNAPOLOGETICALLY HARDCORE BUT IMMENSELY SATISFYING THE clear winner of Performance Shootout 2016, the wonderfully bonkers Mercedes-AMG GT S is unapologetically hardcore but immensely satisfying. It’s 4,0-litre twin-turbocharged petrol engine has scalpel-sharp responses and emits a wonderfully melodious low-rev burble that builds into a sonorous scream as the engine races to the redline. All the while, the steering system trembles with feedback, the rear axle treads a fine line between composure and complete disdain for your safety when it steps out, and the brakes shed speed at an immense rate. But don’t be fooled into thinking the GT S is a one-trick pony. Dial its settings back to comfort and it becomes a useable everyday sportscar with a lavishly trimmed cabin. The GT…

MODELS: 12 PRICES: R1 041 174 to R2 037 125 LAST year, we reported that Range Rover Sport prices shot up by roughly 10% over the voting period in 2014, and that was the case again this year ... but by an even larger margin of 12%. So why did we again pick it as South Africa’s best large SUV? Simply put, its talents are impossible to ignore (and we had reservations about the new Audi Q7 and Volvo XC90; see below). Whether you opt for the smooth, punchy 3,0-litre turbodiesel or the scorching 5,0-litre V8-equipped SVR flagship model that delighted (and frightened) us in Performance Shootout 2016, you’re getting an SUV that’s as refined as a luxury saloon in a straight line, corners like a crossover and provides lots…

OPEL CORSA 1,4T SPORT 5 months | 9 105 km | 7,41 L/100 km A 1 800 km round trip from Cape Town to Knysna via Calitzdorp and Montagu, along with festive season errands, has seen fuel consumption comfortably dip below the 8,0 L/100 km mark – Gareth Dean BMW M235i COUPÉ 10 months | 14 927 km | 11,11 L/100 km A 4 400 km cross-country journey covered eight provinces in 12 days with a best fuel-consumption figure of just 7,56 L/100 km – Sudhir Matai VOLKSWAGEN AMAROK 2,0 BiTDI DC 4MOTION AT 6 months | 8 560 km | 10,54 L/100 km Trips to a mountain farm to work on irrigation problems resulted in a cut in one front tyre’s sidewall. Although it wasn’t punctured, we decided to…

WE knew we wouldn’t get to use the Aprilia much over the holiday period and so I took it on a long morning run right after the team returned to the CAR office. This ride was the longest one since the bike arrived and totalled just more than 500 km. I headed north along the N1 from Cape Town before pointing the army-green Caponord to Wellington and then cresting Bainskloof Pass. I stopped at the top for a quick break, where two fellow enthusiasts commented on the fruity exhaust note and were surprised to discover this Aprilia has its original pipe. From there, I pointed the bike’s nose in the direction of Worcester and Hex River Valley and, after Hex River Pass, turned right to Montagu on the scenic R318…

“THERE is no such thing as too much power” – a quote many engine tuners live by. From a small-percentage increase to stratospheric power figures, anything is possible, but it depends on the depth of your pockets and patience. Engine tuning is as old as the automobile itself and we investigate the theories employed by engine tuners to make your car go faster. THE THEORY BEHIND POWER PRODUCTION An internal-combustion engine converts the chemical potential energy of fuel into motive power. Roughly speaking, about a third of the combusted fuel’s energy reaches the engine’s output shaft, a third is lost to the cooling system, and a third vanishes down the exhaust pipe. If engine efficiency stays the same, the only way to increase the power output is to burn more…

FUTURE OF FINESSE Touted as the strongest indication of the direction that the firm’s future L-Finesse design idiom is taking, the LC500 has managed to retain most of its concept forebear’s visual cues, including a classic coupé silhouette, massive spindle grille with three-dimensional mesh design and the company’s now-signature sheet-metal slashes that host L-shaped light motifs fore and aft. A functional rear diffuser, active rear spoiler and 21-inch alloy wheels round off the design. THAT’S MY GA-L The LC500 is the first model in the Lexus stable to adopt Lexus’ all-new GA-L “premium rear-wheel-drive luxury platform”. This new global architecture will underpin a number of the firm’s upcoming luxury models. In addition to serving up refinement and rigidity, the new platform sees most of the vehicle’s mass sited more centrally…

THINK back to the end of the last century. If you wanted a raised driving position to see the world around you, you had to buy an SUV. If you needed space, you had a choice of a station wagon or people mover. And for a bit of driving fun, you had to find yourself a hot hatch. But Nissan changed all that with the creation of the first-generation Qashqai. With this single model, you had a commanding driving position with good visibility, the driving dynamics of a hatch and more space than you thought possible in a compact body. This unique design concept forced the world to create a new description and the term “crossover” was born.Today, many other car manufacturers offer crossovers, but with the successful Qashqai, Juke…

TOWARDS the end of last year, Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz launched new, large family SUVs in a segment that’s seen Hyundai achieve impressive sales figures with the H-1. Countering the new Caravelle and V-Class (we tested both vehicles last month), the Korean manufacturer has upgraded the appearance and safety levels of its family bus. You’d need a magnifying glass to spot the differences, though. There’s a double-panel colour-coded grille and redesigned 16-inch alloy wheels, which do away with the daisy-inspired design and adopt a double-spoke layout. Hyundai has wisely added electronic folding mirrors on this wide vehicle. Inside, there is a new audio-system interface with Bluetooth connectivity. The gauges have also been updated to the ones from newer Hyundais and illuminate in a soft blue rather than retro green. Alongside this…

MODELS: 7 THE VIVO REMAINS VICTORIOUS THANKS TO A SPREAD OF TALENTS PRICES: R160 700 to R189 900 ONCE again, South Africa’s favourite small sedan nets a victory here thanks to its spread of talents. Volkswagen keeps the range compact, offering 1,4-litre engines in two states of tune and a refined 1,6-litre that transports the relatively light body with ease, as well as five-speed manual and six-speed automatic transmissions. Standard equipment is fairly basic, but all models have the essential anti-lock brakes, two airbags and air-conditioning, not to mention a massive 392 dm3 boot and sufficient space for four grown-ups. We maintain that VWSA would add greatly to the value proposition by including a service plan, but we have few other quibbles. READER'S CHOICE BY Kia Rio Sedan 20% RUNNERS…

MODELS: 12 PRICES: R415 000 to R1 080 992 BMW adds another trophy to the 3 Series’ packed-to-the-hilt cabinet. Despite recent additions to this segment of such excellent new vehicles as the refined Audi A4 and cosseting Volkswagen Passat, the BMW remains victorious because it simply does what it says on the tin. Engaging dynamics? Check. Strong, refined performance across the range of petrol and diesel engines? Check. Practical cabin that’s also better finished post-facelift? Check. To this mix the 3 Series adds strong residual values, a refined ride and class-leading running costs. We still recommend the 320i Steptronic, which we’re testing against the A4 2,0T FSI and Mercedes-Benz C200 in an upcoming issue. Don’t miss it! READER'S CHOICE BY Mercedes-Benz C-Class 27% RUNNERS UP Audi A4 When we first…

MODELS: 6 PRICES: R284 995 to R399 995 AFTER three years at the top, the Juke relinquishes its crown to the Soul. One of very few new category winners this year, the Korean beat the Japanese car with a knock-out combination of generous standard specification (even entry-level Start models boast auto lights, Bluetooth and a reverse camera), the best cabin in this class in terms of spaciousness and perceived quality, and great refinement. We have reservations, however: at its launch, the Soul represented remarkable value for money, but a weak rand has forced Kia Motors South Africa to hike prices. Meanwhile, the 1,6-litre engine isn’t quite as punchy as we would have liked. Overall, though, the package has far more merits than demerits. READER'S CHOICE BY Ford EcoSport 27% RUNNERS…

MODELS: 14 PRICE RANGE: R284 900 to R596 900 FOR an unprecedented fifth year in a row, Ford's venerable Ranger is the best double-cab bakkie in South Africa. It keeps winning because it puts family users first. The cabin is large front and rear (not a given in this segment, despite the sheer size of these vehicles) and standard specification is excellent, while refinement on the move and ride comfort are some of the best in the market. Buyers also love its rugged looks and strong 3,2-litre engine (the flagship version of which is tested on page 62), but we also like the 2,2-litre turbodiesel that’s cheaper to buy and lighter on fuel. We have some concerns about pricing (the new Hilux is generally cheaper model to model), but overall…

THE RED-BRICK BUILDING LOOKS LIKE any one of a thousand such constructions dotted around rural South Africa, but a peek through one of its windows affords a shadowed glimpse of the unique treasures it houses. The building’s owner, Freek de Kock, greets us as we step inside from the bright Free State sunshine and, as our eyes adjust to the light, the largest Nissan and Datsun collection in South Africa is revealed. Freek’s collection spans decades and ranges from production sedans, hatchbacks and coupés to more recent 350Z and 370Z sportscars, as well as an R33 and R35 GT-R. That’s not all, though; a nearby building houses a number of bakkies, including a Datsun with delivery mileage, while round the corner a stripped-to-bare-metal Datsun 240Z awaits full restoration. “When I…

IN last month’s update, I waxed lyrical about the Captur’s brilliant packaging considering its compact size. Although it measures just 4,1 metres long, it has sufficient cabin room for four adults, as I discovered during the holiday period (and here so ably/reluctantly demonstrated by 1,94-metre tall technical editor, Nicol Louw; the driver’s seat was adjusted for my 1,84-metre frame). My initial concern that the Renault would feel cramped was swept aside as I noticed the back bench wasn’t set to its rearmost position. A quick tug of a sturdy lever liberated a few more millimetres and two six-footers managed to fit comfortably without the two front-seat occupants having to sacrifice their seating comfort by moving their chairs forward. Once we hit the N2 eastward, the Captur’s 88 kW 1,2-litre turbopetrol…

LEXUS GS200t R688 600 Japanese luxury brand Lexus kicks off the year with a new entry-level model for its GS range, the 200t. This version is now just one of two, as the local line-up has been streamlined to reflect buying patterns in this segment. The hybrid derivative will no longer be available. Apart from the addition of the smaller engine, Lexus’ parent company, Toyota South Africa Motors, has refreshed the luxury sedan. The range now boasts a restyled, more aggressive front-end featuring LED headlamps as standard, as well as upgraded multimedia technology. As expected from Lexus, the standard specification is comprehensive, with both models featuring a full suite of modern conveniences such as a reverse-view camera, dual-zone climate control, a 12-speaker Lexus Premium audio system, electrically adjusted and heated/…

No-one has a handle on the pre-owned market like Peter Palm. Every month in CAR, our road-test engineer offers buying advice on a particular used car as well as a classic With everyone pulling their belts that extra notch tighter this year, buying a new car is a luxury that might need to be shelved for a while. Not only does this trend make our Top 12 Used Best Buys even more relevant, but this year we’ve decided to add in a more budget-oriented twist to our pre-owned car suggestions. We still focus on what represents good value in cars that are two to three years old, but now also take a look at vehicles around six years old that can be snapped up for half our stated budget. 1…

IT’S always exciting when a new manufacturer joins our list of vehicles in which Deon Joubert has set lap times at Killarney. We’ve track tested 130 cars to date and the S60 Polestar is the first Volvo to join this illustrious list. The first official production car from Volvo’s partnership with Swedish tuning wizards Polestar, which has subsequently become part of the carmaker, this S60 has enough modifications effected on both its engine and suspension to warrant handing over the keys to Deon Joubert. On paper, it doesn’t have the firepower of a BMW M3 or Mercedes-AMG C63, and track conditions (the mercury was already indicating 33 degrees Celsius when Deon headed out at 09h00) did it no favours. Still, 258 kW and 500 N.m made for an entertaining lap.…

Congratulations to Lerato Nteso, who wins a CAT watch for writing this month’s winning letter.In keeping with CAT’s other rugged products, the PE14911122 is constructed from hardy stainless steel. The quartz movement is well sealed, as this watch is water-resistant up to 100 metres, making it ideal for the outgoing type. Caterpillar is synonymous with reliability, durability and cutting-edge technology since 1904. Like CAT heavy equipment, Caterpillar timepieces are designed and built to function in today’s environment. For further information, visit www.cat.com…

Just 10 years ago radio and Bluetooth telephony were pretty much the only forms of media connectivity found in the average car. Now, with the advent of social media and increasing online resources, our vehicles look set to be just as connected as our smartphones THE CAR IS THE THIRD-FASTEST-GROWING CONNECTED DEVICE 32% OF CARS TO BE SMARTPHONECONNECTED BY 2017 10 MILLION LINES OF CODE PER CAR $98,42 BILLION THE MARKET FOR AUTOMOTIVE CONNECTIVITY BY 2018 INFOTAINMENT TRENDS NUMBER OF VEHICLES CONNECTED TO THE INTERNET 2013 23 MILLION 2020 152 MILLION 20% + of vehicles sold worldwide in 2015 featured embedded connectivity solutions 50% + of vehicles sold worldwide in 2015 with embedded, tethered and smart-phone connectivity 2025 Every new car to be connected by in nine years…

NOTEBOOK Document your Porsche’s history in this classically styled notebook. R490 ESPRESSO SET These cups are painted in the traditional RS 2.7 livery. R762 COMPUTER SET With a mouse, pad and USB stick, this set is perfect for the tech-oriented Porschephile. R1 666 RS 2.7 COOKIE STAMPS There’s no better way to celebrate this legendary Porsche than sharing the love with others. R288 LIMITED-EDITION MUG If exclusive Porsches are hard to come by, why not settle for a mug instead? R246 iPHONE COVER The spirit of air-cooling will prevent your phone from overheating. R288 911 CLASSIC CHRONOGRAPH Its simple but striking design matches that of the Carrera. R7 218 All items available from Porsche dealerships.…

THE fourth-generation, pre-facelift RAV4 was a runaway sales success for Toyota South Africa Motors, often selling in excess of 500 units a month. The Japanese manufacturer, however, hasn’t rested on its laurels and has updated the RAV4 for 2016. Up front, the visual changes include LED-equipped headlamps as well as cosmetic revisions to the grille and bumper. Moving aft, the taillamps now feature a slimmer design and LED accents, while the bumper has been tweaked. Factor in this VX model’s 18-inch alloy wheels in a new design that incorporates thinner spokes, and the overall impression is that of a more modern, sophisticated car. Toyota’s recent push to improve interior material and build quality is especially evident in the RAV4’s cabin. In addition to employing higher-quality trim, Toyota has also improved…

PRICE: R140 000 THE UP! HAS FEW PEERS WHEN IT COMES TO PACKAGING, REFINEMENT AND EASE OF USE FOR the first time in the history of Top 12 Best Buys, we’ve decided not to increase the budget in this category. Two reasons underlie this decision: new-car buyers are more cash-strapped than ever, and therefore it makes sense to cap this category at a price that’s accessible to more people; and in 2015 a number of great city cars were launched that fall under this price point. In addition to the new Toyota Aygo (which almost snuck onto the podium), last year saw the introduction of this vehicle, the Volkswagen Up!. Showing that budget-car buyers needn’t compromise on quality, comfort or safety, the 1,0 Move distils everything that’s desirable about Volkswagen…

MODELS: 19 PRICES: R337 000 to R710 000 TAKING the prize for the third consecutive year, the Audi A3 remains the standard by which all other compact hatchbacks are measured. But this year it had to fiercely contest its title, as the CAR team’s voting was increasingly influenced by value-for-money considerations. That brought the revised Ford Focus as well as the perennial VW Golf into strong contention for the title. But ultimately we couldn’t ignore the Audi’s sheer class and competence. From the entry-level 1,2 TSI to the scorching RS3, there isn’t a model we wouldn’t wholeheartedly recommend, although the A3 Sportback 1,4 TSI S tronic strikes the perfect balance between price, performance and petrol consumption. All versions include a five-year/100 000 km maintenance plan. READER'S CHOICE BY Audi A3/A3…

MODELS: 11 PRICES: R1 363 991 to R3 061 513 FIT for purpose. It’s a measure we use at CAR when assessing any new vehicle, and it differs from segment to segment. What is consistent is that the very best cars align themselves closely with the needs of buyers. A good budget hatchback should be cheap and cheerful. The best family cars are safe, practical and good value. Luxury cars, meanwhile, are judged by often-intangible qualities: the sense of well-being they instil; their ability to cosset occupants; effortless performance; ride comfort; technological advancement. And there is no better luxury car than the S-Class, which continues to set the standard by which others have to be measured. Will the just-launched BMW 7 Series finally be able to beat it? READER'S CHOICE…

MODELS: 8 PRICES: R339 900 to R492 900 DESPITE Toyota launching a revised version of the ever-popular RAV4 (see page 33 for a driving impression) and Mercedes-Benz finally shipping its premium-compact SUV to our shores, the Kuga remains unbeatable. Price increases were kept to a minimum since its victory last year, casting an even larger spotlight on the Kuga’s excellent engines – they're some of the most frugal in this segment – generous standard specification and good performance. However, the Kuga’s list of achievements extend to the intangible: it strikes such a fine balance between ride comfort and handling prowess that it’s an immensely easy vehicle to live with. The cherry on this tasty cake? A large, comfortable cabin that seats five in supreme comfort. READER'S CHOICE BY Land Rover…

COMPANY OF THE YEAR: Mazda For too long, Mazda lived in the increasingly large shadow Ford had cast over the South African automotive landscape. Ford’s Siamese twin suffered under the joint agreement, as the American brand’s resurgence garnered the lion’s share of media and consumer attention. It appeared there was little in the way of marketing budget to boast about the cars Mazda had. And there were some good ones. The CX-5 was – and remains – an excellent compact SUV. Following a global split in 2010, it took a further four years for the separation to be finalised here and, since October 2014, when Mazda South Africa started operating independently, it has made very impressive strides in forging its own strategic direction. Under new managing director, the canny David…

THE acronym JIT stands for “just in time” and refers to an efficient manufacturing process in which each vehicle part arrives at the production line just as it’s needed. The fire-truck red Nissan X-Trail also arrived just in time, in this case before we departed on a 5 000 km family trip. My requirements extend beyond timing, however, as I need a vehicle with sufficient cabin space for a family of four, long-distance comfort and off-road ability. Will the X-Trail fulfil these needs? In LE spec and here fitted with the optional Techno Pack, the X-Trail has a plethora of convenience features including a seven-inch touchscreen infotainment system with navigation, four external surround-view cameras, lane-departure and blind-spot monitors, a sunroof and powered tailgate. I completed the first leg of the…

THE Cactus’ load-lugging capability came under severe pressure during the holiday season. Those readers with a baby (or babies!) will know that, even if you visit a holiday spot for only a single night, there’s a veritable mountain of baby gear to cart along. Considering how compact the Cactus’ luggage compartment is, it wasn’t really an option to pack a bulky pram, as we had to include more vital pieces of luggage. Fortunately, my mother had a small pram at home dating from the Seventies that we ended up using. Although utility space is not the Cactus’ forte, even with a fully loaded boot, baby and two adults on board, the punchy 1,2-litre turbopetrol engine’s performance barely suffered. The second the turbo spooled up, it propelled the Cactus with surprising…

Fully electric vehicles have been available to the public for a while, but haven’t made a significant impact on the global market. The reasons most often cited are limited drive range and high list pricing. Chevrolet showed its all-new electric vehicle, the Bolt, at CES and hopes to address these concerns. The Bolt is a compact but spacious vehicle that has a realistic range of 320 km on a single charge and is available in the US for a competitive $30 000. That range is still not equivalent to those achieved by internal-combustion vehicles, but it’s far better than the segment average.…

1 WILL LEWIS MAKE IT THREE IN A ROW? Had this question been posed on the evening Lewis Hamilton secured his third championship, the second in succession, the answer undoubtedly would have been “yes”. He had completely crushed his Mercedes team-mate Nico Rosberg during the 16 races thus far. But then the emphasis shifted dramatically, Rosberg winning the final three Grands Prix and beating Hamilton to pole position six times in a row. Did Hamilton lift his foot from the gas as the release from six months of unrelenting tension took effect? Or had Rosberg, stung by defeat yet again, given himself a good talking to and dug really deep? The answer is probably a bit of both. But the end result has sent predictions high in the air. Regardless…