Indholdsfortegnelse for September 2019 i CAR

If, like us, you can’t get enough of performance cars, you’ll love this month’s issue. Normally, our January edition’s the one filled cover to cover with tasty sportscars – we already have a fantastic line-up secured for Performance Shootout 2020 – but it just so happened the motoring world unleashed a horde of brutal, and balletic, performance vehicles this month, and we drive and test the most important ones. We travelled to Europe to sample the box-fresh BMW M135i (p38), AMG’s scorching A45 S (p42) and the delightfully analogue Porsche 718 Spyder and Cayman GT4 (p46). Closer to home, we strapped our testing gear to another Zuffenhausen two-door, the 911 Carrera S (or 992, if you’re the sort who memorises model codes), and watched agape as it set new records;…

Reader Daantjie Badenhorst wins a 12-month subscription to CAR magazine, SA’s leading motoring title, for his emotive letter. FOUR GREAT ADVANTAGES OF A CAR SUBSCRIPTION: 1. Stay current by never missing an issue of your favourite magazine. 2. A free digital subscription is included. 3. Enjoy the luxury of home delivery. 4. You get the magazine before it goes on sale. A subscriber already? Extend yours by a further 12 months, or give it to a friend or relative.…

1. ROTATE IT TO MAKE IT Unlike the previous A45, the engine is rotated on its vertical axis by 180 degrees. That places the turbo and exhaust manifold at the rear, and the intake system up front. In turn, the design is flatter and therefore doesn’t affect the A-Class front-end design. 2. SMOOTH OPERATOR The shafts of the turbo’s compressor and turbine have roller bearings for the first time, just like the 4,0-litre V8 engine used in the AMG GT R. That reduces mechanical friction, leading to the charger responding quicker. 3. TWO TO TANGO For the first time, the A45’s engine has two-stage fuel injection. In the first stage, the piezo injectors supply fuel to the combustion chambers at a pressure of up to 200 bar. Stage two includes…

Porsche 911 Carrera S PDK A perfectly judged evolution of the 991, the latest 911 adds more performance, refinement, dynamic balance and quality. Considering the sheer polish on offer, the price is a relative bargain. price: R1 708 000 cyl/capac: 6/2 981 cm3 power: 331 kW/6 500 r/min torque: 530 N.m/2 300-5 000 r/min gears/drive: 8/R 0-100 km/h: 3,41 top speed: 308 km/h fuel index: 10,68 L/100 km luggage capac: 112 L serv/maint plan: M3/100 000 km Mercedes-AMG C63 S Coupé Speedshift-MCT Softened round the edges with the recent facelift, the C63 S offers more accessible performance (though ferocious it remains), a more involving chassis setup and a less brittle ride. price: R1 623 015 cyl/capac: V8/3 982 cm3 power: 375 kW/5 500-6 250 r/min torque: 700 N.m/1 750-4 500…

BMW X4 xDrive20d Steptronic As ever, rival BMW SUVs trade on their on-road agility more than mud-plugging ability. Solid execution and distinctive coupé styling among the X4’s strongpoints. price: R846 542 cyl/capac: 4/1 995 cm3 power: 140 kW/4 000 r/min torque: 400 N.m/1 750-2 500 r/min gears/drive: 8/4 0-100 km/h: 8,23 sec top speed: 213 km/h fuel index: 6,70 L/100 km luggage capac: 372/1 024 L serv/maint plan: M5/100 000 km Range Rover Evoque D180 SE R-Dynamic Retains all the tenets of what made the first Evoque such a hit and further hones them. Not cheap or ultimately perfect but it has everything to suggest it will be another big seller. price: R876 675 cyl/capac: 4/1 999 cm3 power: 132 kW/2 400 r/min torque: 430 N.m/1 750-2 500 r/min gears/drive:…

Jaguar F-Pace AWD SVR Looks good and sounds great. Impressively comfortable and surprisingly nimble despite its portly mass. But some spec anomalies considering its premium pricing. price: R1 530 728 cyl/capac: V8/5 000 cm3 power: 405 kW/6 000-6 500 r/min torque: 680 N.m/2 500-5 500 r/min gears/drive: 8/4 0-100 km/h: 4,58 sec top speed: 283 km/h fuel index: 14,28 L/100 km luggage capac: 304/1 024 L serv/maint plan: M5/100 000 km Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio Q4 One of the best-handling performance SUVs in the market, it’s a pity we’ve yet to test one. Like with the Giulia, unfortunately monthly sales have proven low. price: R1 699 900 cyl/capac: V6/2 891 cm3 power: 375 kW/6 500 r/min torque: 600 N.m/2 500-5 000 r/min gears/drive: 8/4 0-100 km/h: 3,80 sec est top…

Mercedes-Benz CLS53 4Matic+ 9G-tronic A compelling balance of performance and poise. Inline-six is one of the finest in the business and ride quality is impressive. Options list should be shorter, though. price: R1 502 100 cyl/capac: 6/2 999 cm3 power: 320 kW/6 100 r/min torque: 520 N.m/1 800-5 800 r/min gears/drive: 9/4 0-100 km/h: 4,63 sec top speed: 250 km/h fuel index: 10,44 L/100 km luggage capac: 384/872 L serv/maint plan: M5/100 000 km Audi RS5 Sportback Quattro S tronic An impressive package that delivers on its mandate of being the RS model for everyone. Pipped in terms of character by both the CLS and its RS4 Avant sibling but very fast. price: R1 312 000 cyl/capac: V6/2 894 cm3 power: 331 kW/5 000-5 700 r/min torque: 600 N.m/1 900-5…

Audi A3 Sportback 40 TFSI S tronic It might not be as well specced as the Opel but superior perceived quality, packing space and those prestigious four rings on the bonnet hand Ingolstadt’s hatch the top spot.  price: R490 000 cyl/capac: 4/1 985 cm3 power: 140 kW/4 200-6 000 r/min torque: 320 N.m/1 500-4 200 r/min gears/drive: 7/F 0-100 km/h: 6,8 sec est top speed: 244 km/h fuel index: 6,80 L/100 km luggage capac: 280/928 L serv/maint plan: M5/100 000 km Mini Cooper S Clubman Steptronic With agile handling, perky performance and personalisation options aplenty, the Clubman might not be as popular as its three-door sibling but, in this Match-up, it deserves second place.  price: R497 977 cyl/capac: 4/1 998 cm3 power: 141 kW/5 000-6 000 r/min torque: 280 N.m/1…

TRANSMISSION FOR HYBRIDS To create a hybrid vehicle, an electric motor couples with an internal-combustion engine (ICE), and that often results in compromised packaging. A modern trend is to incorporate the electric motor in the transmission area normally reserved for the torque converter. Unfortunately, because of the limited space, the power of the electric motors is then curtailed. ZF, known for its gearboxes, has launched a new eight-speed transmission especially developed for luxury hybrid applications. This modular system can house an electric motor of between 24 and 160 kW with a maximum torque output of 450 N.m. The space taken up by the transmission is not much larger than a standard unit and should fit most longitudinal-mounted engine and rear-wheel-drive applications. An interesting comment from ZF is that it expects…

Born in Vienna, Toto Wolff speaks six languages, one of them Polish thanks to his maternal ancestry. He began motor racing in 1992, competing in the Austrian Formula Ford Championship before moving on to sportscars and winning his class in the 1994 Nürburgring 24 Hours. After turning to rallying and being runner-up in the 2006 Austrian championship, he worked as an instructor at a racing school and later became a lap record holder on the Nürburgring Nordschleife in a Porsche RSR. On the business front, he founded investment companies, initially focusing on Internet and technology businesses before moving on to industrial and listed companies. In 2006, he invested in HWA AG, buying a 49% stake in the company before its listing on the stock exchange. HWA AG ran the DTM…

It’s raining and Killarney’s surface is sodden but that won’t deter us from pitting the fastest station wagon we’ve tested to date against the Jaguar F-Pace SVR. The latter is more powerful (405 kW/680 N.m versus 331 kW/600 N.m) than the Audi RS4 but, crucially, also 299 kg heavier (1 849 to 2 148 kg). Lined up alongside one another (and neither featuring a launch-control setting), the noses of both cars lift momentarily as they’re kept on the brakes before they blast off the line. Even with traction control engaged, there are moments when the wheels spin trying to put the torque down on the wet tarmac. The Audi initially pulls away and then the SVR maintains the gap. As the Audi crosses the line first at the 400-metre mark,…

Email: car@ramsaymedia.co.za Mail: CAR, PO Box 180, Howard Place, 7450 OVER TO YOU... Please include your physical address and telephone number. Diverse ideas and opinions are welcome but publication of your letter doesn’t necessarily mean we agree. Please stick to a maximum of 300 words. CAR reserves the right to edit and shorten letters owing to space constraints. BENEFITS OF EVs Just like Kobus Erasmus (Mail, June 2019), I am also a petrolhead. I have designed and raced cars, followed F1 for decades, owned several exotics and ripped apart many engines. I dance to the sound of a high-spec ICE at full chat. As an engineer, I am in total awe of the design and technology of an insanely complex modern ICE. But they are now completely inappropriate for the…

First up is the SQ8 (right), a sportier take on the existing Q8 SUV that mounts the 4,0-litre twin-turbo-diesel engine from the Bentley Bentayga featuring a 48 V mild-hybrid system to assist the turbos at low speeds. Channelling 320 kW and 900 N.m of torque to all wheels via an eight-speed auto ‘box, this unit propels the SQ8 to 100 km/h in 4,8 seconds and on to a 250 km/h limited top-end. The S8 (below) sees Audi’s crowning sedan receive a 4,0-litre twin-turbo V8 petrol engine delivering 420 kW and 800 N.m. Along with a 48 V mild-hybrid system, the S8 also features rear-wheel steering and a “predictive suspension” module leaning the car into corners by up to three degrees to counter lateral forces. The SQ8 channels 320 kW and…

SPECIFICATIONS ENGINE Cylinders: six, horizontally opposed Fuel supply: electronic direct fuel injection, turbocharged, intercooled, petrol Bore/stroke: 91,0/76,4 mm Cubic capacity: 2 981 cm3 Compression ratio: 10,2 to 1 Valvegear: d-o-h-c, four valves per cylinder ENGINE OUTPUT Max power ISO: 331 kW Power peak/Red line: 6 500/7 400 r/min Max torque: 530 N.m Torque peak: 2 300-5 000 r/min TRANSMISSION Type: eight-speed dual-clutch 1st gear/2nd gear: 4,89/3,17 to 1 3rd gear/4th gear: 2,15/1,56 to 1 5th gear/6th gear: 1,18/0,94 to 1 7th gear/Top gear: 0,76/0,61 to 1 Reverse gear: 3,99 to 1 Final drive: 3,12 to 1 Drive wheels: rear Driver aids: ESC (Electronic Stability Control), hill start BRAKES Front: 350 mm ventilated discs Rear: 350 mm ventilated discs Hydraulics: ABS with EBD and EBA WHEELS AND TYRES Tyre make: Goodyear…

SPECIFICATIONS ENGINE Cylinders: four, inline, transverse Fuel supply: electronic common-rail direct injection, turbocharged, diesel Bore/stroke: 83,0/92,4 mm Cubic capacity : 1 999 cm3 Compression ratio : 15,5 to 1 Valvegear: d-o-h-c, four valves per cylinder ENGINE OUTPUT Max power ISO: 132 kW Power peak/Red line: 2 400/4 000 r/min Max torque: 430 N.m Torque peak: 1 750-2 500 r/min TRANSMISSION Type: nine-speed automatic 1st gear /2nd gear: 4,71/2,84 to 1 3rd gear/4th gear: 1,91/1,38 to 1 5th gear/6th gear: 1,00/0,81 to 1 7th gear/8th gear: 0,70/0,58 to 1 Top gear: 0,48 to 1 Reverse gear: 3,83 to 1 Final drive: 4,54 to 1 Drive wheels: all Driver aids: ESC (Electronic Stability Control), hill start BRAKES Front: 325 mm ventilated discs Rear: 300 mm ventilated discs Hydraulics: ABS with EBD and…

SPECIFICATIONS ENGINE Cylinders: V8, longitudinal Fuel supply: electronic direct fuel injection, supercharged, intercooled, petrol Bore/stroke: 92,5/93,0 mm Cubic capacity: 5 000 cm3 Compression ratio: 9,5 to 1 Valvegear: d-o-h-c, four valves per cylinder ENGINE OUTPUT Max power ISO: 405 kW Power peak/Red line: 6 000-6 500/6 500 r/min Max torque: 680 N.m Torque peak: 2 500-5 500 r/min TRANSMISSION Type: eight-speed automatic 1st gear/2nd gear: 4,71/3,14 to 1 3rd gear/4th gear: 2,11/1,67 to 1 5th gear/6th gear: 1,29/1,00 to 1 7th gear/Top gear: 0,84/0,67 to 1 Reverse gear: 3,32 to 1 Final drive: 3,23 to 1 Drive wheels: all Driver aids: ESC (Electronic Stability Control), hill start BRAKES Front: 395 mm ventilated discs Rear: 396 mm ventilated discs Hydraulics: ABS with EBD and EBA WHEELS AND TYRES Tyre make: Pirelli…

SPECIFICATIONS ENGINE Cylinders: six, inline, longitudinal Fuel supply: electronic direct fuel injection, turbocharged, intercooled, petrol Bore/stroke: 83,0/92,4 mm Cubic capacity: 2 999 cm3 Compression ratio: 10,5 to 1 Valvegear: d-o-h-c, four valves per cylinder ENGINE OUTPUT Max power ISO: 320 kW Power peak/Red line: 6 100/6 500 r/min Max torque: 520 N.m Torque peak: 1 800-5 800 r/min TRANSMISSION Type: nine-speed automatic 1st gear/2nd gear: 5,35/3,24 to 1 3rd gear/4th gear: 2,25/1,64 to 1 5th gear/6th gear: 1,21/1,00 to 1 7th gear/8th gear: 0,86/0,72 to 1 Top gear: 0,60 to 1 Reverse gear: 4,80 to 1 Final drive: 3,06 to 1 Drive wheels: all Driver aids: ESC (Electronic Stability Control), hill start BRAKES Front: 390 mm ventilated discs Rear: 360 mm ventilated discs Hydraulics: ABS with EBD and EBA WHEELS…

SPECIFICATIONS ENGINE Cylinders: four, inline, transverse Fuel supply: electronic direct fuel injection, turbocharged, petrol Bore/stroke: 79,0/81,5 mm Cubic capacity: 1 598 cm3 Compression ratio: 9,5 to 1 Valvegear: d-o-h-c, four valves per cylinder ENGINE OUTPUT Max power ISO: 147 kW Power peak/Red line: 5 000-5 500/6 500 r/min Max torque: 280 N.m Torque peak: 1 650-5 000 r/min TRANSMISSION Type: six-speed automatic 1st gear /2nd gear: 4,58/2,96 to 1 3rd gear/4th gear: 1,91/1,45 to 1 5th gear/Top gear: 1,00/0,75 to 1 Reverse gear: 2,94 to 1 Final drive: 2,89 to 1 Drive wheels: front Driver aids: ESC (Electronic Stability Control), hill start BRAKES Front: 300 mm ventilated discs Rear: 264 mm solid discs Hydraulics: ABS with EBD and EBA WHEELS AND TYRES Tyre make: Bridgestone Turanza T001 Tyre size: 225/40…

HERITAGE In 1896, eight years after John Boyd Dunlop (above) was granted the first patent to develop the rubber tyre in 1888, Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company sent Malcolm Irving to set up shop in South Africa. The depot, which was headquartered in Cape Town, was the country’s first tyre-distribution centre. A Johannesburg-based depot, which is believed to be the first local tyre retreading and repair workshop, followed six years later. To aid with national distribution, the firm introduced another branch in Durban where, in 1935, Dunlop pioneered a first-of-its-kind tyre factory in South Africa. Here, the first locally produced tyre came out of the mould: a beaded edge car tyre, size 30in. x 3½. After relocating its head office to Durban, now trading under a new name, Dunlop South Africa…

Modern engines’ critical parts are made to stretch TOO MUCH STRETCH Domkrag, the Afrikaans word for a jack, literally means “dumb power”. This used to bother one of our local mechanics who was called Domkrag. He has never been able to find out whether some ignorant locals gave him this name because they think he’s dumb or whether it’s because they often see him lying underneath a jacked-up car. Domkrag works at another garage in town and recently told me the following story. One of his uncles turned up for a visit and, during his stay, the cylinder-head gasket on his Opel started to leak. This annoyed Uncle Charles more than just somewhat because the gasket was replaced the previous month by the dealer he initially bought the car from.…

CYLINDER COUNTS Why do petrol engines have more cylinders than diesel units when they are of similar capacity? For example, certain 3,0-litre diesel engines have four cylinders while most petrol engines of the same capacity boast six cylinders. RUNGWE ARNOLD Via email Interesting question, although there is a trend these days for petrol and diesel engines to converge on layout and capacity (for cost-saving reasons) to the extent where certain manufacturers even employ the same engine block (think JLR’s Ingenium and Volvo’s Drive-E). We presume you refer to the four-cylinder diesel engines found in bakkies and six-cylinder petrol engines in passenger vehicles, as you do get quite a few 3,0-litre six-cylinder turbodiesel engines. Let’s take a step back. When engineers develop a new internal-combustion engine (ICE), they need to reach…

It is common to hear Lewis Hamilton effusively thank his team in the aftermath of winning pole position or claiming yet another victory. This is not political correctness or hyperbole for the benefit of the television camera; this is a reflection of a one-team approach that embraces everyone from the driver to the factory floor and back up through technical and non-technical staff, marketing, media and human resources. “I have this large group of people to utilise; they are my tools, my soldiers,” explains Hamilton. “If I didn’t get those guys in the right positions, I wouldn’t be able to extract what I have in me. My job is to try to extract the most from every single person here. How you nurture that and build upon it has been…

I’m sure I wasn’t the only kid with a poster of an F40 adorning their bedroom wall. The legendary supercar, which was the swansong of the late Enzo Ferrari, was an evolution of the 288 GTO originally developed to be a Group B racer. After the formula was canned, it turned into a road car to commemorate 40 years of the Prancing Horse. Featuring a 2,9-litre V8 turbopetrol engine delivering 352 kW in a car weighing just 1,2 tonnes was unheard of in 1987. (That V8’s on/off power delivery at the turbo’s boost point meant the car could easily catch its driver off-guard and swap ends.) The F40 is a marvellous example of engineering prowess meeting typical Eighties design, right down to the NACA ducts and that wing. I got…

1988 VOLKSWAGEN CORRADO Wolfsburg’s sporty coupé took active aero mainstream, with its self-deploying rear spoiler reducing rear-end lift by 64%. 1993 McLAREN F1 The F1’s self-extending rear wing increases its slippery drag coefficient of 0,32 to 0,39 Cd under braking while adjusting its centre of gravity, too. 2012 PAGANI HUAYRA Four flaps resembling those found on airplane wings are sited at each of the Huayra’s sculpted corners to pin the vehicle down and so reduce body roll. 2019 PORSCHE CAYENNE TURBO The first SUV with this technology features a roof-mounted spoiler, which aids downforce and acts as an airbrake.…

“They’re not all in place; we’ve just come back from a big car show,” says Waldo Scribante. He’s itching to return his cars to their designated spots, all while I’m happy simply ogling one of the country’s most impressive and varied Mercedes-Benz collections spanning more than a century. As is so often the case with great collectors, Waldo’s love for the German brand formed even before he could properly pronounce the marque’s name: “My father had a late-1950s 219 Ponton; I remember it to this day. My fondest memory is us going on holiday in the 219 driving over Prince Alfred’s Pass while towing a caravan. Back then, you still had to get out and open gates to enter the pass.” Some of Waldo’s oldest cars, which includes a 1913…

Price: R1 708 000 0-100 km/h: 3,41 seconds Top speed: 308 km/h Power: 331 kW Torque: 530 N.m CAR fuel index: 10,68 L/100 km CO2 : 205 g/km Has there even been a car that’s defined its segment as clearly as the 911? Through eight generations, Zuffenhausen’s two-door has beaten all comers, offering a compelling blend of everyday usability and expertly honed handling. It seems the 911 simply can’t be faulted. Will the 992-generation continue this masterclass in automotive evolution? The signs are promising. Under the rear deck whirrs a 3,0-litre flat-six engine boasting two larger turbochargers, a fresh charge air-cooling system (with coolers now positioned atop the engine for improved airflow) and, for the first time on a 911, piezo injectors. The result on this S model – a Carrera…

1888 RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME John Boyd Dunlop is granted the first patent for the rubber tyre, which he develops for his son’s tricycle. 1935 DUNLOP COMES TO AFRICA The firm opens its first South African-based distribution depot in Cape Town. 1973 NEW FACTORY A new plant, solely focused on car tyres, opens in Ladysmith. 2008 DRIVEN BY PRECISION Dunlop releases world-renowned advert. 2013 NEW OWNERSHIP Sumitomo Rubber Industries acquires Dunlop. 2016 FACTORY PHASE TWO A further R970 million is invested in the Ladysmith plant. 2018 HIGH-TECH RUBBER Following the release of the SP Sport FM800 tyre in 2017, the Grandtrek AT3G tyre is unveiled. 2019 MyTyres app SCAN HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE APP.…

Battery capacity in ampere hour (Ah) is usually rated at 20 hours (20HR), which is the maximum current capacity that can be withdrawn from a battery in a 20-hour period before the voltage drops to below 10,5 V (which is close to the depleted state). Therefore, a 50 Ah (20HR) battery (the normal size for a midsize hatch with a petrol engine) can supply 2,5 A (50/20) for 20 hours. Peukert’s Law says the total capacity of a battery is inversely proportional to the current drawn. This means that, if a large current is drawn, the total capacity is less than when a small current is drawn (therefore the 20HR rating on batteries). As a battery continuously loses charge while not in use owing to the small internal resistance, the…

METRIC AND IMPERIAL TYRE SIZES On the sidewall of a tyre, why is the width in millimetres but the rim size in inches? For example, with a tyre size of 185/65 R14, the width is 185 mm but the rim size is 14 inches. Surely there ought to be a worldwide standard featuring only metric or imperial units? EBRAHIM ESSOP Johannesburg Doing some research shows early tyres carried only imperial sizes and apparently the width and aspect were fixed for each rim size, not like today where we have many tyre widths and aspect-ratio combinations for every rim size. When the Europeans adopted the metric system, the tyre manufacturers did not want to lose out on the vast US market, so they kept the rim size at inches so as…

MauriceHamilton As team principal at Mercedes F1, Toto Wolff is responsibilite for 1 800 employees spread across the racing team at Brackley and the Mercedes engine facility 45 minutes further up the road in England’s Northamptonshire. It is an onerous burden on the 47-year-old Austrian, yet he has carried it with aplomb. Later this year will mark what will almost certainly be a sixth successive brace of championships for Mercedes-AMG F1. The team may be owned by Daimler AG in Stuttgart but one of the smartest moves by the parent company was to separate the race team as far as possible. To that end, Wolff became a 30% shareholder and the only team principal (Frank Williams aside, and he no longer holds the managerial influence he once had) to enjoy…

“Lewis is very good now in his self-assessment, and his self-improvement, every year,” said Wolff. “He has been growing each year, with fewer emotional swings. He is more stable now and well integrated in the team. Overall, I have been most impressed by his personality development. It’s one of his strongest assets when I look around at the other drivers. “Provided he stays motivated and energised, he has another three or four years in him. The Schumacher record, the seven titles, is certainly in the back of his mind. The reason he’s not saying it is because there’s a sixth in between. “He never stops pushing for performance. He is very self-critical. He is the only driver I have ever seen coming into a debrief and saying: ‘Don’t look at…

Most hobbyists and petrolheads employed full-time have to settle on fidgeting with their cars after hours, often in poor light. Don’t skimp on the tools by settling for the cheapest flashlight or headlamp. The latest lighting technologies make your hobbies so much more enjoyable. Here are a few examples for your garage or workshop. INSPECTION LAMP Also called a lead lamp, this has been a basic item in everyone’s toolkit for decades. Simply plug it into a power point and hang it near your project. Some of these still use incandescent (power-hungry) globes. The downside is they inevitably get dropped on the floor and this can break the globe. Even with the protective metal cage, it’s the shock that does the damage. This highlights another plus for LED technology, as…

Notes • The PRICES shown are the latest available at the time of going to press. Our deadline occurred before 26 July 2019. Readers should check with a dealer before making a decision. • The HP payment calculations are based on a 10% deposit, current prime interest rate and a 60-month repayment period with no residual at the end. • Under ENGINE we list the number of cylinders and the cubic capacity in cm3 . Here, V = V-shaped engine layout; H = horizontally-opposed engine layout; The absence of an initial symbol implies an in-line engine layout. • FUEL SUPPLY abbreviations are P = petrol-engined; D = diesel-engined; T = turbocharged, a compressor driven by exhaust gases; S = supercharged, a compressor driven by the engine; P/H = petrol-hybrid and…